The sounds of English and the International Phonetic Alphabet
This chart contains all the sounds (phonemes) used in the English language. For each sound, it gives:
-
The symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in phonetic transcriptions in modern dictionaries for English learners — that is, in A. C. Gimson’s phonemic system with a few additional symbols.
The chart represents British and American phonemes with one symbol. One symbol can mean two different phonemes in American and British English. See the footnotes for British-only and American-only symbols.
- Two English words which use the sound. The underline shows where the sound is heard.
- The links labeled AM and BR play sound recordings where the words are pronounced in American and British English. The British version is given only where it is very different from the American version.
To print the chart, use the printable PDF version.
IPA | examples | listen | |
---|---|---|---|
ʌ |
cup, luck | AM | |
ɑ: |
arm, father | AM BR | |
æ |
cat, black | AM | |
e |
met, bed | AM | 1 |
ə |
away, cinema | AM | 2 |
ɜ:ʳ |
turn, learn | AM BR | 2 |
ɪ |
hit, sitting | AM | |
i: |
see, heat | AM | |
ɒ |
hot, rock | AM BR | 3 |
ɔ: |
call, four | AM BR | 4 5 |
ʊ |
put, could | AM | |
u: |
blue, food | AM | |
aɪ |
five, eye | AM | |
aʊ |
now, out | AM | |
eɪ |
say, eight | AM | |
oʊ |
go, home | AM | 6 |
ɔɪ |
boy, join | AM | |
eəʳ |
where, air | AM BR | 1 7 |
ɪəʳ |
near, here | AM BR | 7 |
ʊəʳ |
pure, tourist | AM BR | 7 |
IPA | examples | listen | |
---|---|---|---|
b |
bad, lab | AM | |
d |
did, lady | AM | |
f |
find, if | AM | |
g |
give, flag | AM | |
h |
how, hello | AM | |
j |
yes, yellow | AM | |
k |
cat, back | AM | |
l |
leg, little | AM | |
m |
man, lemon | AM | |
n |
no, ten | AM | |
ŋ |
sing, finger | AM | |
p |
pet, map | AM | |
r |
red, try | AM | 8 |
s |
sun, miss | AM | |
ʃ |
she, crash | AM | |
t |
tea, getting | AM | 9 |
tʃ |
check, church | AM | |
θ |
think, both | AM | |
ð |
this, mother | AM | |
v |
voice, five | AM | |
w |
wet, window | AM | |
z |
zoo, lazy | AM | |
ʒ |
pleasure, vision | AM | |
dʒ |
just, large | AM |
-
1.
Almost all dictionaries use the
e
symbol for the vowel in bed. The problem with this convention is thate
in the IPA does not stand for the vowel in bed; it stands for a different vowel that is heard, for example, in the German word Seele. The “proper” symbol for the bed-vowel isɛ
(do not confuse withɜ:
). The same goes foreə
vs.ɛə
. -
2.
In
əʳ
andɜ:ʳ
, theʳ
is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in answering, answer it). In AmE, theʳ
is always pronounced, and the sounds are sometimes written asɚ
andɝ
. -
3.
In AmE,
ɑ:
andɒ
are one vowel, so calm and cot have the same vowel. In American transcriptions, hot is written ashɑ:t
. -
4.
About 40% of Americans pronounce
ɔ:
the same way asɑ:
, so that caught and cot have the same vowel. See cot-caught merger. -
5.
In American transcriptions,
ɔ:
is often written asɒ:
(e.g. law =lɒ:
), unless it is followed byr
, in which case it remains anɔ:
. -
6.
In British transcriptions,
oʊ
is usually represented asəʊ
. For some BrE speakers,oʊ
is more appropriate (they use a rounded vowel) — for others, the proper symbol isəʊ
. For American speakers,oʊ
is usually more accurate. -
7.
In
eəʳ
ɪəʳ
ʊəʳ
, ther
is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in dearest, dear Ann). In AmE, ther
is always pronounced, and the sounds are often written aser
ɪr
ʊr
. -
8.
All dictionaries use the
r
symbol for the first sound in red. The problem with this convention is thatr
in the IPA does not stand for the British or American r; it stands for the “hard” r that is heard, for example, in the Spanish word rey or Italian vero. The “proper” symbol for the red-consonant isɹ
. The reasonr
is used instead is that it’s easier to type and read. -
9.
In American English,
t
is often pronounced as a flap t, which sounds liked
or (more accurately) like the quick, hardr
heard e.g. in the Spanish word pero. For example: letter. Some dictionaries use thet ̬
symbol for the flap t.
IPA | what it means |
---|---|
ˈ |
The vertical line (ˈ ) is used to show word stress. It is placed before the stressed syllable in a word.
For example, /ˈkɒntrækt/ is pronounced
like this, and
/kənˈtrækt/
like that.
Word stress is explained in our article about phonetic transcription.
|
ʳ |
However, in BrE, |
i |
i is usually pronounced like a shorter version of
i: , but sometimes (especially in an old-fashioned British accent) it can sound like ɪ .
Examples:
very /ˈveri/ ,
create /kriˈeɪt/ ,
previous /ˈpri:viəs/ ,
ability /əˈbɪlɪti/ .
|
əl |
Instead of |
ən |
Instead of |
Does this chart list all the sounds that you can hear in British and American English?
No. This page contains symbols used in phonetic transcriptions in modern dictionaries for English learners. It does not list all the possible sounds in American or British English.
For example, this page does not list
the regular t (heard in this pronunciation of letter) and
the flap t (heard in this one) with separate symbols.
It groups them under a single symbol: t
.
(In other words, it groups a number of similar sounds
under a single phoneme, for simplicity.
To understand how sounds are grouped into phonemes, read the article on
phonemic transcription.)
So this page actually lists phonemes (groups of sounds), not individual sounds. Each symbol in the chart can correspond to many different (but similar) sounds, depending on the word and the speaker’s accent.
Take the phoneme p
in the above chart.
It occurs in the phonemic transcriptions of pin /pɪn/
and
spin /spɪn/.
In pin, this phoneme is pronounced with aspiration (breathing).
This “aspirated p” sound has its own special symbol in the IPA: pʰ
.
In spin, the phoneme is pronounced “normally”;
this “normal p” sound is represented by p
in the IPA.
So the p
phoneme represents two sounds:
p
and pʰ
.
(This can be confusing, because p
can mean both the p
phoneme
and the p
sound.)
Typing the phonetic symbols
You won’t find phonetic symbols on your computer’s keyboard. How do you type them in a Word document, e-mail message, or SRS collection?
- You can use my free IPA phonetic keyboard at ipa.typeit.org. It enables you to type your transcriptions online, and copy & paste them to your document. This works well if you type phonetic transcriptions occasionally. However, if you do it frequently, it is not very efficient because every time you want to type something, you have to switch to your browser, then copy & paste your text.
- You can use my app – TypeIt for Windows (costs $12.50). It lets you type IPA phonetic transcriptions directly in any application or website. If you type phonetic transcriptions regularly, especially if you use them in your SRS, I would definitely recommend that you get the app, as it is inexpensive and it is the easiest, fastest way to type IPA symbols on your PC.
You can also use the ASCII Phonetic Alphabet, which represents IPA symbols with “normal” characters that you can type on your keyboard. The ASCII Phonetic Alphabet is not a standard system, but you can type it fast without special software.