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Romanian a MADE up language
>>Although a provocative title like "Romanian a made up[ language" perhaps wasn't the most sensible start. <<
I agree with Stefaniel P Spaniel. It looks like a provocative troll, who suddenly disapeared and probably is posting under different names
>>compared to the Dasians, who left no literature or stone buildings of any note is more debateable<<
See the Fortified city of Sarisegetusa. Besides Dasians were Romanised in the 2nd century, they are the Daco-Romanian people. They couldn’t disapear like Plato’s Atlantis without trace.
From what I am reading here people beleve that spoken Romanian is unintelligable to all the other Romance languages? is that true? Please someone specify?
@ Menelaus.
You prove that you know about fairy tales on latin syntax and grammar, How could romanain be closer to even archaic latin if the story of this languages goes to 700bc to 300bc? Remeber that what you read in latin, is simply not the latin spoken by the romans!However barbatus in classical latin does not mean MAN, it is and adjective.The proof of it spurification are to be found in your statements, it adopts word never used in the common life, meaning by that spoken by the roman people, they could berely use declinations infact, mater filio donum dat in classical and only written latin ,they spoke mater donat ad filium illium donum, simply, how could they have known about archaism?Let's retourn to the romanain syntax, i've been for my Phd to bucharest, to write an essay, what i've found on the romanain syntax, absentis of the nominal form of the verb, or more accurately, the shif of uses of that, the supine used for istance in classical lati to indicate an objective for an action,ex : discessimum cubitum, we went to go to bed, it is used as simil participle, gerund in anymore the declension of the infinite but is used as a participle! States your opinion with truth not with nationalis.
The similarity of Romanian and Italian is 70% Spanish 65% a mutual intelligible factor is higher in urban areas.
Italian Romanian comparition. Italian-----Adesso vorrei... mangiare una pasta con la crema di radicchio Romanian--Adesea vrei……..mancare o pasta cu o crema de ridichi Uno studio condotto da un musicista dimostra che mangiare bene contribuisce ad allungare la vita Un studiu condus de un musician demonstreaza ca mancarea buna contribuie la alungirea vieti Its very easy for Italians to learn Romanian Romanian --Cu placere Italian ------Con piacere English----Your welcomed Romanian -Bine ce faci Italian -----Bene, che fai English-----God, how are you Romanian- La revedere Italian -----A rivederci English-----See you later Romanian- Buna seara Italian -----Bona sera English-----Good evening Romanian-La ce distanta e Italian-----A che distanta e English-----How far is it Romanian—Ceau ! Ma cheama Alessandra am 37 ani Italian--------Ciao !Mi chiamo Alessandra ho 37 anni.
This "thread" are just people "piggy-backing" eachother, there is no REAL evidence...except this
Origin and History Rumanian is picturesquely described either as a barbarized Latin or as a Latinized barbarian tongue. Undoubtedly, such extremely diverging definitions reflect the complicated problem to find out a consistent explanation of its emergence and evolution. The official thesis supported in contemporary Rumania states that Rumanian developed from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman colonists who settled Dacia (modern Transylvania) after its conquest by emperor Trajan in 106 AD. Though the Roman legions abandoned the area in 271 under the pressure of the barbarians, a portion of the Romanized population could survive, as shepherds and primitive farmers, in the Carpathian mountains. In the 9th century, when conditions settled, these Romance-speaking people gradually reoccupied Transylvania. In the late 13th century they moved eastward and established the principalities of Wallachia (1290) and Moldova (1349). It is known that after 106 Dacia was colonized by a few settlers from the Roman provinces in the Near East (mainly Syria) who could use a corrupted version of Latin as a kind of lingua franca to communicate with the administration and the population in the adjacent areas. Evidently in 271 these settlers were moved southward of the Danube, as the Romans established two provinces of the name of Dacia in the territories of the present North-Eastern Serbia and Western Bulgaria. It is noteworthy that Rumanian does not contain words of Dacian origin, while it shares some old-Balkan and non-Latin terms with Albanian. Thus these two languages reflect special historical contacts of early date. It is not impossible that the ancestors of modern Rumanians were in the late Antiquity slaves and servants engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding for their masters, the rich Roman colonists of the fortified Balkan cities. Supposedly, the two groups communicated in a kind of creolized Latin. In the course of the successive barbarian invasions in the 5th--8th c. the established political and socio-economic order on the Balkans was reversed. The city-dwellers could survive under the protection of the city-walls, but as the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) empire was predominantly a Greek speaking state, they became subsequently Hellenized, while their former slaves and servants fled to the mountains, which were suitable for livestock raising, and preserved the Romance tongue (technically known as Eastern Romance), as evidenced by the fact that the Slavs called them Vlachs. The self-designation as Rumanians, under the etymological form of Romîni, is attested in the 16th century (the texts of Coresi), See the graph Derivation of Romance Languages from Latin. See Wallachians, Walloons, Welschen etc. See for more details Vlachs. The Vlachs concentrated in the south-western parts of the Balkans, mainly in the regions around modern Albania. There they could escape not only the invadors, but also the effective control of the Byzantine authorities. In the course of the centuries the Vlachs absorbed a lot of outlaws, mainly of Slavic origin. After the invasions ceased, the Vlachs began migrating northward. In the 9th-10th centuries they were present in the mountains of the First Bulgarian empire (681-1018), which dominated the inner continental area of the Balkan peninsula. Evidently in this period they adopted for their liturgy the Old Church Slavonic, the official language of medieval Bulgaria. The close and continuous contacts with the Slavic milieu left a profound impact on the vocabulary and phonology of their language. It is possible that the Vlachs were forced by the Bulgarian emperors to move northward of the Danube and thus to reach Transylvania, which, since the end of the 9th century, was in Hungarian hands. Settling there, the Vlachs gradually outnumbered the other nationalities, making the area a homeland of their own. From Transylvania they penetrated eastward of the Carpathians and established the principalities of Wallachia and Moldova. In these countries Old Church Slavonic was used as official language till the 18th century. The migrations had as a result that the unity of the Eastern Romance language was broken and between 500 and 1000 AD there developped several distinct tongues: Arumanian (technically known also as Macedo-Rumanian), spoken in scattered communities in Albania, Epirus, Thessaly and Macedonia; Megleno-Rumanian around the city of Meglena in Southern Macedonia (now in Greece); Dalmatian along the northeastern shore of the Adriatic sea, mainly in Ragusa (Dubrovnik); Istro-Rumanian on the Istrian peninsula in the far north-western corner of the Balkan region; Daco-Rumanian (or Rumanian proper) in the area to the north of the Danube (Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldova). The first known Daco-Rumanian text is a letter written in 1521 to a judge of Braşov, though some manuscript translations of religious texts show Transylvanian dialect features and may be earlier. The language was written in Cyrillic alphabet and the Vlachs of this period, being Eastern Orthodox, identified themselves to a great extent with Slavdom. Italian travellers in eastern Europe noticed that the language of the Vlachs contained many Latin words also existing in Italian. Knowing that the Roman Empire once dominated Dacia Traiana, it was supposed that the Vlachs were the descendants of the Romans, who once subdued the Dacians. Only in the early 19th century, however, the idea of Romance identity became popular amongst the Vlachs. In 1859 the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia formed a unified state, that assumed the name of Rumania. The Roman (Latin) alphabet was introduced and there were applied remarkable efforts to Latinize the language, while purging it of Slavisms. The emerging nation turned toward other Romance countries, especially France, for cultural inspiration. Dialects and Standard Language The standard language of Rumania is based on the dialect of Wallachia. It was developed in the 17th century mainly by religious writers of the Orthodox church and includes features from a number of dialects, though Bucharest usage now provides the model. Modern Rumanian is fairly homogeneous but shows greater dialectal diversity in the Transylvania. During the period when Eastern Moldova was incorporated in the former Soviet Union as a federative republic (1939-1991), its language was officially called Moldavian, written in the Russian variant of the Cyrillic alphabet, and held by Soviet scholars to be an independent Romance language. In 1989, however, the script of the Moldavian language was changed again to Latin and thereupon began a heated debate over whether it should be called Rumanian or Moldovan. Phonology Rumanian phonology and grammar have developed in rather different directions from those of most other Romance languages because of the language's relative isolation from other Romance languages and its close contact with the Slavic languages and Hungarian. Modern Rumanian has seven vowels (he vocal system is considered triangular, as that of Classical Latin and modern Italian and Spanish), and three diphthongs. Stress can occur on any syllable. Varying the stressed syllable can change meaning. The unstressed vowels are slightly reduced in the spoken language and under Slavic influence the initial e is often iotated ([e]=>[je]), though officially this is now considered incorrect except for a few cases. Historically, Rumanian continues a Latin distinction between long o and short u, fused in most other Romance languages, but, like almost all others, it has lost the Latin distinction between long e and short i. The sound [] appeared under Slavic influence. The vocal alternation in the roots is a common phenomenon, cf.: ea => e o => oa e => ea seară evening : seri evenings; pot (I) can : poate (he) can; plec (I) go : pleacă (he) goes etc. Consonant clusters occur at the beginning of syllables, which is unusual among Romance languages. In consonant clusters there has been a tendency to replace the Latin velar consonants [k] and [g] with labial consonants, such as [p], [b], or [m], cf.: CL. octo eight => Rum. opt; CL. aqua water => Rum. apă; CL. lingua language => Rum. limbă; CL. cognatum kinsman => Rum. cumnat. The [l] was often changed to [r], cf.: CL. sole(m) sun => Rum. soare; CL. coelum sky => Rum. cer. The palatalized Latin [k] and [g] are pronounced [t] and [d] in Rumanian; the dentals [t] and [d] were palatalized before [e] and [i] to [ts] (written ţ) and [dz] => [z], cf.: CL. tenere to hold => Rum. ţine; CL. dies day => Rum. zi. Orthography Rumanian was initially written in Cyrillic script, untill in 1859 Latin alphabet was instituted. In the early period of using the new alphabet there was a strong etymological bias in the writing system, as the grammarians strived to reflect both the Latin and the Slavic sources. For this reason a lot of diacritical signs were used. Subsequently, however, orthography was radically simplified and based on mainly phonological principles (1881). Contemporary Rumanian employs diacritics over the vowels a and i (â, ă, î) to modify their pronunciation. In addition, a cedilla is used under the letters s and t (ş, ţ) to represent [] and [ts], respectively. Vocabulary Vocabulary: The function words and inflectional patterns are of Latin origin. The Rumanian language preserved less than 22% of the Pan-Romance word stock (some 107 of a total of 488 words); it is remarkable that the Latin words concerning urban life were entirely absent in Rumanian. Slavic languages (mainly Old Church Slavonic and the dialects of Northern Bulgaria) provided for about 46% of the vocabulary, but since the 19th century there was launched a systematic campaign of introducing Latin and French words, while the Slavic words were purged or become obsolete. Nevertheless, 17% of modern Rumanian vocabulary consists of Slavic words and they give the spoken languge a specific emotional flavor. According to the linguist Alexandru Niculescu "Rumanian is the only Romance language that has failed to preserve amor, carus, amare, sponsa, etc., replacing them by [the Slavic words] dragoste love, drag dear, a iubi to love, nevastă wife, logodnă betrothal, a logodi to betrothe". Turkish, Greek, Hungarian and Albanian had also provided a lot of words to Rumanian. Copyright; This page is part of Orbis Latinus (c) Zdravko Batzarov EXAMPLES of Old/mid/new Rumanian Latin text Pater noster, qui est in coelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum, fiat voluntas tua sicut in coelo et in terra. Panem nostrum cottidianum da nobis hodie et dimitte nobis dedita nostra, sicut nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in temptationem, sed libera nos a malo. Amen. Arumanian Tată a nostru care eşti în ţeru, s-aisească nuam a Ta, s-vină amiraliea a Ta, s-facă vrerea a Ta, aşi cumu în ţeru, aşi şi pisti locu. Pânea a noastră aţea di tute dzâlele dă-nă o nau adzâ şi nă li iartă amărtilili noastre aşi cumu li iartămu şi noi unu a altui. Şi nu nă du pri noi la cârtire, ma nă aveagli di aţelu arău. Că a Ta easte amiraliea şi puterea a Tatălui şi Hiliului şi a Spiritului Sântu, tora, totana şi tu eta etelor. Amin. Rumanian (Banat) Tatăl nostru careli eşci în ceruri, sfânţască-să numele Teu, vină împărăţîia Ta, fie voia Ta, prăcum în cer aşa şî pră pământ. Pânia nuastră a dă toace dzâlile dă ni-o noauă astădz şî ne iartă noauă păcacile noaştre prăcum şî noi iertăm păcătoşîlor noştri şî nu ne duce pră noi în cercare, ci ne mântuieşce dă cel rău. Că a Ta iestă împărăţîia şî pucerea şî mărirea, a Tatălui, a Fiului şî a Sfântului Duc. Amin. Rumanian (1850) Rumanian (1874) Părintele nostru, carele escí în cerur, sânţéscă-se numele te; Via împěrăţia ta; Fie voa ta, precum în ceri, şi pe pămnt; Pănea nóstră cea de tóte ilele dă-ni-o astă-. Şi ni ertă dtoriele nóstre, precum şi noertăm dtornicilor nostri; Şi nu ne duce în ispită; ci ne scapă de cel r; Că a ta este împěrăţia şi puterea şi marirea în etern. Amin. Rumanian (modern) Părintele nostru, carele esci în ceriuri, sânţească-se numele tău; Via împěrăţia ta; Fie voia ta, precum în ceri, şi pe pământ; Pănea noastră cea de toate zilele dă-ni-o astăzí. Şi ni ertă detoriele noastre, precum şi noí ertăm detornicilor nostri; Şi nu ne duce în ispită; ci ne scapă de cel rău; Că a ta este împěrăţia şi puterea şi marirea în etern. Amin. Rumani(another version) Tatal nostru care esti în ceruri sfinteasca-se numele Tau; Vie imparaţia Ta; Faca-se voia Ta precum in cer asa şi pre Pamânt; Painea noastra cea de toate zilele dă-ne-o noua astăzi. Şi ne iarta noua greşalele noastre precum şi noi iertam greşitilor nostri şi nu ne duce pre noi în ispita ci ne izbaveşte de cel rău; Ca a Ta este imparaţia, slava şi puterea. In numele Tatalui, al Fiului, al Sfantului Duh. Amin. Dalmatian (Vegliot) Tuota nuester, che te sante intel sil: sait santificuot el naun to. Vigna el raigno to. Sait fuot la voluntuot toa, coisa in in sil, coisa in tiara. Duota costa dai el pun nuester cotidiun. E remetiaj le nustre debete, coisa nojiltri remetiaime a i nuestri debetuar. E naun ne menur in tentatiaun, mui deliberiajne dal mal. Amen. English translation Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. ------------>>>> It looks to me, romanian couldn't make up it's mind. Therefore confused and portraying the real neo-latin tongues. Sardinian is the most conversative. Italian second. Spanish third. Rumanian fourth. and so on; I would MUCH rather go with french in the 'syntax' sense then rumanian, as mentioned it's barbaric-latin.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Contemporary Romanian - highlighted words are French or Italian loanwords: Toate fiinţele umane se nasc libere şi egale în demnitate şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu raţiune şi conştiinţă şi trebuie să se comporte unele faţă de altele în spiritul fraternităţii. Romanian, excluding French or Italian loanwords - highlighted words are Slavic loanwords: Toate fiinţele omeneşti se nasc slobode şi deopotrivă în destoinicie şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu cuget şi înţelegere şi trebuie să se poarte unele faţă de altele după firea frăţiei. Romanian, excluding loanwords: Toate fiinţele omeneşti se nasc nesupuse şi asemenea în preţuire şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu cuget şi înţelegere şi se cuvine să se poarte unele faţă de altele după firea frăţiei.
Clsc. Latin
Late Latin Spanish Portuguese French Occitan Catalan Italian Sardinian Romanian (pulcher)- Clsc. Latin------------------- bellu[m]* - Late Latin--------------- bello/puclro- Spanish--------------- belo- Portuguese----------------- beau- French------------------ bèu -Occitan------------------ bel- Catalan---------------- bello- Italian----------------- bellu- Sardinian & Romanian-------------- / (1) solis- Clsc. Latin------------- sole[m]*- Late Latin-------------- sol- Spanish------------------ sol- Portuguese------------ soleil -French------------- sol- Occitan-------------- sol- Catalan----------- sole- Italian----------------- sole- Sardinian-------------- soare- Romanian--------------- esse Clsc. Latin--------------- essere Late Latin----------------- ser/estar-Spanish---------------- ser/estar- Portuguese-------------- être- French--------- èsser- Occitan------------ ésser- Catalan------------- essere-Italian-------------------- éssere- Sardinian & Romanian----------- habere -Clsc. Latin--------------- habere -Late Latin------------ haber -Spanish--------------------- haver -Portuguese---------------- avoir -French------------------- aver -Occitan------------------- haver -Catalan------------------- avere -Italian---------------- áere -Sardinian-------------------- avea -Romanian------------------ homo- Clsc. Latin----------- homine[m]- Late Latin------------ hombre- Spanish-------------- homem- Portuguese------------- homme- French--------------- òme- Occitan---------------- home- Catalan----------------- uomo- Italian-------------------- omine- Sardinian---------------- om- Romanian-------------------- corpus- Clsc. Latin corpus- Late Latin cuerpo- Spanish corpo- Portuguese corps- French corps- Occitan corps- Catalan corpo- Italian korpus- Sardinian corp- Romanian cor core[m] corazon(3) coracao(3) coeur cor cor cuore koru / (3) pater patre[m] padre pai père paire pare padre pade /(4) sperare sperare esperar esperar espérer esperar esperar sperare isperare spera luna luna[m] luna lua lune luna lluna luna luna lunã hora hora[m] hora hora heure hora hora ora ora orã nox nocte[m] noche noite, noute nuit nuòch nit notte note noapte scire (5) sapere saber saber savoir saver saber sapere /(5) /(5) verre volere /(6) /(6) vouloir voler voler volere /(6) vrea caelum celu[m] cielo céu ciel cel cel cielo kelu cer filius filiu[m] hijo filho fils filh fill figlio fidzu fiu ego ego yo eu je ieu jo io jeo, dego eu bene bene bien bem bien ben bé bene bene bine dies die[m] día dia /(7) /(7) dia /(7) die zi decem dece[m] diez dez dix dètz deu dieci deke zece annus annu[m] año ano an an any anno annu an factum factu[m] hecho feito fait fach fet fatto fatu fapt bonus bonu[m] bueno bom bon bon bon buono bonu bun est est es é est es és è est este vita vita[m] vida vida vie vida vida vita bida viat¸ã et et y e et e i e e /(8)
Late Latin cantare "to chant, to sing"
canto cantas cantat cantamus cantatis cantant The Sardinian verb is closest in structure, showing only deletion of final "t" in the third person plural of some dialects and the reconstruction of -atis to -adzis in the second person plural in some dialects: kantare (to sing) canto cantas cantat cantamus cantadzis (also cantates) cantan (also cántanta) Spanish and Portuguese both show similar structures, specifically the deletion of final and intervocalic "t". cantar cantar canto canto cantas cantas canta canta cantamos cantamos cantáis cantais cantan cantam In Italian, the second-person singular is replaced by -i after the loss of final -s, and the subjunctive suppletes the first-person plural ("we") form. cantare canto canti canta cantiamo cantate cantano Catalan shows a further stage of weakening, where unstressed -a >-e before a consonant and posttonic -us is removed from the first-person plural. cantar ("r" not pronounced) canto cantes canta cantem canteu canten Finally, in French, initial "c" becomes "ch" before a hard vowel (a, o, u), altering the stem, and -ar verbs become -er. chanter ("r" not pronounced) chante (-e not pronounced) chantes (-es not pronounced) chante (-e not pronounced) chantons (nasal "o", unpronounced "s") chantez (unpronounced "z") chantent (-ent not pronounced)
Classical latin;
BASIC WORDS AND PHRASES These phrases do not reflect the specific dialects of late or Vulgar Latin, but the general usage of the classical language: Salve! = Goodday! Salve! = Hello! Quómodo valés? = How are you?, How's it going? Quómodo valétis? = How are you? (formal) Bene. = (I'm) well. Male. = Badly. Admodum bene. = So-so. Multius... = Very... Quid est nomen tibi/vóbis? = What's your name? / What are your names? Et tú? = And you? Et vós? = And you? (formal) Mé placet té cognoscere. = Pleased to meet you. Sis. = Please. Mé excusáte. = Excuse me. ...est = Here is... ...est = There is... ...sunt = There are... Ita. = Yes. Nón. = No. Grátiás (agó). = Thank you. Salutatió. = You're welcome. Quid...? = What? Cúr? = Why? Quota hóra est? = What time is it? Vale! / Ave! = Goodbye!, See you later!
Romanian despite this foreign influence, it is the closest to Latin
Overview of the Romanian language http://www.transparent.com/languagepages/romanian/overview.htm >Romanian (also spelled Rumanian) is the official language of Romania, a country on the eastern half of the Balkan Peninsula. Romanian is spoken by about 20 million people and holds a special status as the only Romance language in Eastern Europe. Because of its geographical location, Romanian has developed differently from the other Romance languages. Slavic and Hungarian influences on Romanian are particularly apparent. Despite this foreign influence, it is the closest to Latin, in a grammatical sense, of all the Romance languages. There are four dialects of Romanian: Daco-Romanian, which is the basic standard language; Aromanian or Macedo-Romanian, which is spoken in scattered communities in Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria; Megleno-Romanian, which is a nearly extinct dialect spoken in Northern Greece; and Istro-Romanian, which is spoken on the Istrian Peninsula of Croatia. < http://www.transparent.com/languagepages/romanian/overview.htm
The first known Daco-Rumanian text is a letter written in 1521 to a judge of Braşov, though some manuscript translations of religious texts show Transylvanian dialect features and may be earlier. The language was written in Cyrillic alphabet and the Vlachs of this period, being Eastern Orthodox, identified themselves to a great extent with Slavdom. Italian travellers in eastern Europe noticed that the language of the Vlachs contained many Latin words also existing in Italian. Knowing that the Roman Empire once dominated Dacia Traiana, it was supposed that the Vlachs were the descendants of the Romans, who once subdued the Dacians. Only in the early 19th century,
"however, the idea of Romance identity became popular amongst the Vlachs. In 1859 the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia formed a unified state, that assumed the name of Rumania. The Roman (Latin) alphabet was introduced and there were applied remarkable efforts to Latinize the language, while purging it of Slavisms. The emerging nation turned toward other Romance countries, especially France, for cultural inspiration." Hmmm, Now I know why....
Apart from some infantile and ludicrous troll posts, COPY-PASTE, poor linguistic knowledge and the manner of writing denoting some ambulate linguist with a handicapped hearing. You would most likely be burnt on a stick by the Latin Linguistic Union for your heretic and erroneous preaching and beliefs. Ignorance is not an excuse.
ROMANIAN GRAMMAR the closest to CLASSICAL LATIN Lesson 1. Romanian maintains from CLASSICAL LATIN the synthetic Genitive and Dative (with the help of endings) pattern, while Italian, French and Spanish preferred the construction as it were in the VULGAR LATIN Note ! These are only two examples out of hundreds of similar Classical Latin-Romanian CLASSIC LATIN-----------ROMANIAN----------VULGAR LATIN-------- Casa matris meae------Casa mamei mele-----casa de matre meae----- Scribo matri meae------Scriu mamei mele----Scribo ad matre mea----- SPANISH---------------------ITALIAN-------------------ENGLISH la casa de mi madre------la casa della mia madre-----my mother's house Escribo a mi madre.------Scrivo a mia madre-------I write to my mother. C. LATIN---ROMANIAN---FRENCH-----ITALIAN---SPANISH----ENGLISH Intro---------Intru-------J'entre--------Entro ----Entro-------I enter Intras--------Intri------Tu entres-------Entri-----Entras-----You enter Intrat--------Intra-------Il entre--------Entra-----Entra------He enters Intramus----Intram---Nous entrons---Entriamo--Entramos---We enter Intratis------Intrati----Vous entrez-----Entrate---Entrais----You enter Intrant ------Intra -----Ils entrent-----Entranno --Entrano--They enter REMEMBER - Romanian maintains from CLASSICAL LATIN the synthetic Genitive and Dative (with the help of endings) pattern. While Italian, French and Spanish preferred the construction as it were in the VULGAR LATIN. ROMANIAN IS CONSERVATIVE Romanian conservative features denote its isolation from the Western Romance world, despite the Slavic influence.There are many Latin traces found in phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, which have long disappeared from the other Romance languages: DECLENSIONS 3 (three) surviving declension categories for the NOUN, just as in the case of Classical Latin. 100 LATIN words preserved exclusively in the ROMANIAN vocabulary: Some examples” Latin “caecia” > Romanian “ceata” (fog), Latin "lingula" > Romanian "lingura" (spoon), Latin "placenta" > Romanian "placinta" (pie), ROMANIAN VERBS maintain and continues the CLASSICAL LATIN forms: -4 conjugation types, having the same thematic vowels: Latin "-are", "-ere", "-ere", "-ire" Romanian "-a", "-ea", "-e", "-i" -3 personal moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-personal moods (infinitive, gerund, participle). NEUTER GENDER of nouns kept from CLASSICAL LATIN non-existent in the other Romance languages, marked only in Romanian by the ending "-URI".These words have male-gender forms in the singular and female-gender form in the plural: pod-podURI (bridge-bridges). PHONETICALY, Romanian kept Latin diphthongs from CLASSICAL LATIN UNLIKE other Romance languages: Classical Latin "au" remained "au" in Romanian: Endings in “U”. Only Romanian, Sicilian, and Sardinian kept its endings in “U” from Classical Latin, versus “O” in Vulgar Latin and western Romance. Classical Latin "taurus" (bull) - Romanian "taur" - Spanish "toro" SEMANTIC SENSES developed from ARCHAIC LATIN words Latin "pavimentum" (floor) - Romanian "pamant" ("land"), Latin "carraria" (wide road) -Romanian "carare" (foot path), Latin "fossatum" ("ditch") - Romanian "sat" (village), Latin "anima" (soul) - Romanian "inima" (heart). The Romanian masterpiece poem "Luceafarul" "The Morning Star" written by the national poet Mihai Eminescu, contains 1,688 Latin words out of a total of 1,908 ! |